Avstraliya tarixi - Haqqinda Melumat

Avstraliya tarixi — Avstraliya qitəsinin ərazi və xalqlarının tarixi.

Aborigen tarixi

Avstraliyanın yerli əhalisinin əcdadları Cənubi Asiyadan gəlmiş və ehtimal ki, burada məskən salmışlar. Təbii şəraitin ağırlığı və dünyanın başqa xalqları ilə ünsiyyətin olmaması Avstraliya qəbilələrinin (XVIII əsrin sonunda burada ümumi sayı 250-300 min nəfər olan təqribən 500 tayfa var idi) inkişafını çətinləşdirirdi. XVIII əsrin sonuna yaxın bu tayfalar hələ əkinçilik və maldarlığın nə olduğunu bilmirdilər.

Müstəmləkəçilik dövrü

Abel Tasman – Tasmaniyanı kəşf edən ilk avropalı.

XVIII əsrin sonundan Avstraliya Britaniya imperiyasının müstəmləkəsi olmuşdur. 1788-ci ildə burada sonradan Sidney şəhərinə çevriləcək ilk ingilis yaşayış məntəqəsinin əsası qoyulmuşdur. Əvvəllər Avstraliya sürgün yeri idi. 1868-ci ilədək buraya 155 minədək adam sürgün edilmişdi. Bunlardan bir çoxu İrlandiyadakı üsyanların iştirakçıları, çartistlər və başqaları idi. Qitənin müstəmləkəyə çevrilməsi prosesi yerli əhalinin qırılması ilə müşayiət olunmuşdur. Avstraliyada kapitalizm sürətlə inkiaf edirdi. 1830-cu illərdə ilk sənaye müəssisələri meydana gəlmişdir. 1850-ci illərin ortalarınadək Avstraliya İngiltərənin hüquqsuz "ağ müstəmləkəsi" idi. Qitədəki ingilis koloniyalarını İngiltərə hökumətinin təyin etdiyi qubernatorlar idarə edirdi. XIX əsrin ikinci yarısından sənaye, birinci növbədə yüngül, yeyinti, mədən sənayesi inkişaf etmişdir. Xaricdən kapital və ixtisaslı fəhlə axını iqtisadi inkişafı daha da sürətləndirmişdir. 1854-cü ildə Viktoriya qızıl mədənlərindəki fəhlə üsyanından sonra Birləşmiş Krallıq Avstraliyadakı koloniyalarına daxili özünüidarə hüququ vermişdir. Avstraliya fəhlə hərəkatı mütəşəkkilliyi ilə fərqlənirdi. Fəhlələrin əksəriyyəti həmkarlar ittifaqlarında birləşirdi. Müətəşəkkil fəaliyyət sayəsində 1870-ci illərdə Avstraliya fəhlələri, dünyada birinci olaraq, 8 saatlıq iş rejiminə keçilməsinə nail olmuşdur. XIX əsrin sonunda "Avropa irqinə mənsub olmayanlar"ın Avstraliyaya köçməsi qadağan edilmişdir. O vaxtdan bu irqçi siyasət bütün Avstraliya hökumətləri tərəfindən ardıcıl olaraq həyata keçirilirdi. 1900-cu ildə İngiltərə parlamenti altı koloniyanı (Yeni Cənubi Uels, Viktoriya, Kvinslend, Cənubi Avstraliya, Qərbi Avstraliya və Tasmaniya) bir federasiyada – Avstraliya İttifaqında birləşdirmək haqqında qanun qəbul etmişdir. Avstraliya İttifaqının konstitusiyası olan qanun 1 yanvar 1901-ci il tarixindən qüvvəyə minmişdir. Avstraliya İttifaqı nəticədə dominion hüququ qazanmışdır. Avstraliya İttifaqının yaranması Avstraliya millətinin yaranmasını sürətləndirmişdir.

XX əsr

Avstraliya pulemyot dəstəsi. Papua-Yeni Qvineya. 1945-ci ilin iyunu.

Avstraliya İttifaqı Antanta tərəfində Birinci Dünya müharibəsində iştirak etmişdir. Müharibədən sonra Avstraliya İttifaqı Almaniyanın Sakit okean hövzəsində bir sıra müstəmləkəsinə yiyələnmişdir. 1929–1933-cü illər dünya iqtisadi böhranı ölkənin iqtisadiyyatını sarsıtmışdır. İşsizliyin sayı 500 minə çatmışdı. Avstraliya İttifaqına daxili və xarici siyasətdə müstəqillik hüququ verən 1931-ci il tarixli Vestminster qanunu ölkənin tarixində mühüm hadisə olmuşdur, lakin İkinci Dünya müharibəsinədək Birləşmiş Krallıq Avstraliya İttifaqının xarici siyasətinə nəzarət edir, Avstraliya İttifaqının İngiltərənin aqrar-xammal bazası olaraq qalırdı. 1939-cu ildə Avstraliya İttifaqı Nasist Almaniyasına, 1941-ci ilin dekabrında isə Yaponiyaya müharibə elan etmişdir. Avstraliya İttifaqı müharibə illərində və ondan sonra xarici siyasət sahəsində Birləşmiş Krallığın asılılığından qurtarıb müstəqil dövlət olmuşdur. 1950-ci illərdə Avstraliya İttifaqı İngiltərənin , ABŞ-nin Koreyaya qarşı apardıqları müharibələrdə iştirak etmişdir.

Qərbdə qüvvələr nisbətinin dəyişməsi ilə Avstraliya İttifaqı ABŞ-dən asılı olmağa başlamışdır. Avstraliya İttifaqı 1951-ci ildə ANZYUS, 1954-cü ildə isə SEATO hərbi bloklarına qoşulmuşdur. Avstraliya İttifaqqı qoşunu 1965-ci ildə ABŞ tərəfində Vyetnam müharibəsində iştirak etməyə başlamışdır. Avstraliya İttifaqı tarixində ilk dəfə 1971-ci ildə senata aborigen daxil edilmişdir.

İstinadlar

↑ Австралија Иттифагы. Тарихи очерк // Азәрбајҹан Совет Енсиклопедијасы: [ 10 ҹилддә]. I ҹилд: А— Балзак. Бакы: Азәрбајҹан Совет Енсиклопедијасынын Баш Редаксијасы. Баш редактор: Ҹ. Б. Гулијев. 1976. С. 52–53.

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Xarici keçidlər

, by John Hirst, February 2008, The Monthly
The page at
, a scholarly journal
2013-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
Profiled by Laurence MacDonald Muir.
by Rob Robinson, 2009
, State Library of New South Wales
History of European settlement and relations with Aboriginal people of South Eastern Australia, Australian Broadcasting Corporation

[:0-1] Австралија Иттифагы. Тарихи очерк // Азәрбајҹан Совет Енсиклопедијасы: [ 10 ҹилддә]. I ҹилд: А— Балзак. Бакы: Азәрбајҹан Совет Енсиклопедијасынын Баш Редаксијасы. Баш редактор: Ҹ. Б. Гулијев. 1976. С. 52–53.