Qəzza zolağının blokadası

Qəzza zolağının blokadası — 2007-ci ildə HƏMAS-ın Qəzzə zolağına nəzarəti ələ keçirməsindən sonra İsrailin rəhbərlik etdiyi və Misirin dəstəklədiyi blokada. Bunun bir h isəsi olaraq Qəzzə zolağına məhsulların və insanların gediş-gəlişinə blokada tətbiq edilmişdir. Blokadanın bəyan edilən məqsədi Qəzzəyə silah qaçaqmalçılığının qarşısını almaqdır. Bu, həm də mühüm humanitar problemlərə gətirib çıxarmışdır, çünki bunun nəticəsində zəruri məhsulların axını məhdudlaşmış, iqtisadi çətinliklər güclənmiş və Qəzzə sakinlərinin hərəkət azadlığına xələl gətirilmişdir. Bu səbəblərə görə ərazi "açıq hava həbsxanası" adlandırılmışdır.^[1]^[2]

Qəzzəyə dəniz və hava yolu ilə çıxış və giriş qadağandır. Qəzzəyə girib-çıxmaq üçün cəmi üç keçid var, onlardan ikisi İsrail, biri isə Misirin nəzarətindədir. Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatının Humanitar Məsələlər üzrə Koordinasiya İdarəsinin 2022-ci il hesabatına görə, blokada İsrailin çıxış icazələrinin sayının azalması səbəbindən insanların və malların hərəkətini əhəmiyyətli dərəcədə azaltmışdır.^[3]

İsrail müxtəlif hallarda blokadanın yumşaldılması və ya götürülməsi üçün müxtəlif atəşkəs sazişləri^[4]^[5]^[6] əsasında üzərinə götürdüyü konkret öhdəlikləri pozmaqda və ya yerinə yetirməməkdə ittiham olunur.^[7] "Keçidlər dəfələrlə bağlanmış və bufer zonalar bərpa edilmişdir. İdxal azaldılmış, ixrac bloklanmış və daha az qəzzəliyə İsrail və İordan çayının qərb sahilinə çıxış icazəsi verilmişdir".^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Blokada insan hüquqları qrupları, beynəlxalq ictimaiyyət nümayəndələri və hüquq mütəxəssisləri tərəfindən beynəlxalq hüquqa, xüsusən də Dördüncü Cenevrə Konvensiyasına zidd olaraq kollektiv cəza növü kimi tanınır. Hüquq qruplarına görə, İsrail işğalçı dövlət kimi məsuliyyət daşıyır.^[15]^[16]

İstinadlar

↑
Multiple sources:
- Jonathan Cook, 'How Israel is turning Gaza into a super-max prison,' Arxiv surəti 20 dekabr 2014 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 20 dekabr 2014 at the Wayback Machine The National (Abu Dhabi) 27 October 2014: 'One Israeli analyst has compared the proposed solution to transforming a third-world prison into a modern US super-max incarceration facility.'
- Noam Chomsky: My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison Arxiv surəti 24 oktyabr 2015 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 24 oktyabr 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Truthout, 9 November 2012: 'And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison,'
- David Cameron, Havens Are Few, if Not Far, for Palestinians in Gaza Strip Arxiv surəti 8 iyul 2017 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 8 iyul 2017 at the Wayback Machine. NYT, 20 July 2014: "Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain in 2010 called Gaza "an open-air prison", drawing criticism from Israel."
- Alistair Dawber, 'Tales from Gaza: What is life really like in 'the world's largest outdoor prison'?' Arxiv surəti 13 avqust 2017 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 13 avqust 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Independent 13 April 2013.'Locals call it "the world's biggest prison", and it's not difficult to understand why…Mr Jnead's children, and their prospects in what is often referred to as the world's largest open prison, is top of his concerns.'
- Zaki Chehab, Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies, Arxiv surəti 28 fevral 2023 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 2 noyabr 2022 at the Wayback Machine I. B. Tauris, 2007 p.182:'The Rafiah crossing is the gateway to what Palestinians refer to as their open-air prison – the Gaza Strip.'
- Anna Ball, 'Impossible Intimacies,' in Anastasia Valassopoulos (ed.) Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular, Routledge 2013 pp71–91 p.73: "…Gaza Strip Barrier, a structure that has sealed Gaza's border with Israel and has led to Gaza's description as ″the world's largest open-air prison",
↑ "Blockade of Gaza Strip". Britannica. 14 November 2023 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 17 October 2023. In autumn 2007 Israel declared the Gaza Strip under Hamas a hostile entity and approved a series of sanctions that included power cuts, heavily restricted imports, and border closures. In January 2008, facing sustained rocket assaults into its southern settlements, Israel broadened its sanctions
↑ Data Team, The Hindu. "How Israel controls movement of men and material in and out of Gaza | Data Premium". The Hindu (ingilis). 2 November 2023. 2 November 2023 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 3 November 2023.
↑ Stephen Jones. "Gaza: The conflict between Israel and Hamas" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 22 January 2009.
↑ "Gaza: Israel Hamas ceasefire agreement in full". The Telegraph. 2012. 23 June 2018 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 22 June 2018.
↑ Rob Page. "Gaza ceasefire agreement" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 2014. 22 June 2018 tarixində arxivləşdirilib (PDF). İstifadə tarixi: 22 June 2018.
↑ "Conditions for a ceasefire: Why Hamas fires those rockets". The Economist. 19 July 2014. 22 July 2014 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 22 July 2014.: "After the last big Israeli effort to stop the rockets, in November 2012, it was agreed that, along with a ceasefire, the blockade of Gaza would gradually be lifted and the crossings into Egypt and Israel would be opened. The ceasefire generally held, but the siege continued."
↑ Harriet Sherwood, Israel accused over 'cruel' Gaza blockade,' Arxiv surəti 21 iyun 2018 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 21 iyun 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian 30 November 2010:'According to today's report, Dashed Hopes: Continuation of the Gaza Blockade, imports of construction materials are 11% of the 2007 pre-blockade levels. Despite having agreed to allow in materials for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency to rebuild its schools and clinics damaged or destroyed in the three-week war in 2008–09, Israel has permitted only 7% of the necessary amount.'
↑ Martin Hartberg, Beyond Ceasefire: Ending the blockade of Gaza. Arxivləşdirilib 2023-10-25 at the Wayback Machine Oxfam, 2012 p.2.
↑ Ian Bickerton, The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed, Arxivləşdirilib 2023-10-25 at the Wayback Machine A&C Black, 2012 p.238:'In June 2008 Israel increased the severity of the blockade after Egypt brokered a ceasefire . .'The exchange of rockets launched a retaliatory aerial assaults increased late in 2008 with Hamas and Israeli blaming each other for a breakdown in the ceasefire. The evidence suggests Israel broke the ceasefire with a raid into the Gaza Strip that killed six Hamas men on 4 Novembneer- the night of the presidential election in the USA.
↑ Noam Chomsky, in Elliot N. Dorff, Danya Ruttenberg, Louis E Newman (eds.), Jewish Choices, Jewish Voices: War and National Security , Arxiv surəti 20 mart 2024 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 18 oktyabr 2017 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Publication Society, 2010 p.26 :'There were some partial ceasefires. But Israel maintained the siege and then violated ceasefire agreements directly. The most important instance of this was in 2008. Right before the Israeli invasion, there was a ceasefire. It was observed completely by Hamas. The Israeli government concedes that there was not a single Hamas rocket fired during the ceasefire. Israel nevertheless maintained the siege, and in November 2008, Israeli just invaded Gaza outright and killed half a dozen Hamas activists. After that, rockets started.'
↑ Nathan Thrall. (21 August 2014). 'Hamas's Chances,' Arxiv surəti 19 iyun 2018 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 19 iyun 2018 at the Wayback Machine London Review of Books Vol. 36 No. 16, pp.10–12: 'with 21 November 2012 ceasefire agreement Israel undertook to 'end attacks against Gaza by land, sea and air – including the 'targeting of individuals' (assassinations, typically by drone-fired missile) – and that the closure of Gaza would essentially end as a result of Israel's 'opening the crossings and facilitating the movements of people and transfer of goods, and refraining from restricting residents' free movements and targeting residents in border areas' but Israel therefore saw little incentive in upholding its end of the deal. In the three months following the ceasefire, its forces made regular incursions into Gaza, strafed Palestinian farmers and those collecting scrap and rubble across the border, and fired at boats, preventing fishermen from accessing the majority of Gaza's waters. . . Israel had committed to holding indirect negotiations with Hamas over the implementation of the ceasefire but repeatedly delayed them . . The talks never took place. The lesson for Hamas was clear. Even if an agreement was brokered by the US and Egypt, Israel could still fail to honour it.'
↑ Adam Withnall, 'Israel-Gaza conflict: Israel 'breaks ceasefire in minutes' as eight-year-old girl killed in air strike,' Arxiv surəti 21 iyun 2018 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 21 iyun 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Independent I4 August 2014
↑ Yousef Munayyer, 'Israel/Gaza Cease-Fire Dynamics Breakdown,' Arxiv surəti 21 iyun 2018 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 21 iyun 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Fund 2014
↑ "Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15". Human Rights Watch. 12 October 2023. 12 October 2023 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 12 October 2023.
↑ "Gaza closure: not another year!". ICRC. 14 June 2010. 15 June 2010 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 1 June 2010.

Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement
The Gaza Flotillas to Come: Some Ground Rules before Setting Out – Jerusalem Issues Brief
Guide: Gaza under blockade and Guide: Eased Gaza blockade – BBC News
Gaza: 1.5 million people trapped in despair – International Committee of the Red Cross
LOCKED IN: THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT OF TWO YEARS OF BLOCKADE ON THE GAZA STRIP – UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory
San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 12 June 1994
Partial List of Items Prohibited/Permitted into the Gaza Strip as of may 2010, Gisha
The Hard-Line on Grocery Items by Queen Rania of Jordan, The Huffington Post, 7 June 2010
Pressure Mounts On Israel To Ease Gaza Blockade – audio report by NPR, 16 June 2010
The EU and the Gaza Blockade by Esra Bulut and Carolin Goerzig – European Union Institute for Security Studies
"The Legal Basis of Israel's Naval Blockade of Gaza" by Ruth Lapidoth. The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 13 March 2011.

[open-air_prison2-1] Multiple sources:
Jonathan Cook, 'How Israel is turning Gaza into a super-max prison,' Arxiv surəti 20 dekabr 2014 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 20 dekabr 2014 at the Wayback Machine The National (Abu Dhabi) 27 October 2014: 'One Israeli analyst has compared the proposed solution to transforming a third-world prison into a modern US super-max incarceration facility.'

Noam Chomsky: My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison Arxiv surəti 24 oktyabr 2015 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 24 oktyabr 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Truthout, 9 November 2012: 'And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison,'

David Cameron, Havens Are Few, if Not Far, for Palestinians in Gaza Strip Arxiv surəti 8 iyul 2017 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 8 iyul 2017 at the Wayback Machine. NYT, 20 July 2014: "Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain in 2010 called Gaza "an open-air prison", drawing criticism from Israel."

Alistair Dawber, 'Tales from Gaza: What is life really like in 'the world's largest outdoor prison'?' Arxiv surəti 13 avqust 2017 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 13 avqust 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Independent 13 April 2013.'Locals call it "the world's biggest prison", and it's not difficult to understand why…Mr Jnead's children, and their prospects in what is often referred to as the world's largest open prison, is top of his concerns.'

Zaki Chehab, Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies, Arxiv surəti 28 fevral 2023 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 2 noyabr 2022 at the Wayback Machine I. B. Tauris, 2007 p.182:'The Rafiah crossing is the gateway to what Palestinians refer to as their open-air prison – the Gaza Strip.'

Anna Ball, 'Impossible Intimacies,' in Anastasia Valassopoulos (ed.) Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular, Routledge 2013 pp71–91 p.73: "…Gaza Strip Barrier, a structure that has sealed Gaza's border with Israel and has led to Gaza's description as ″the world's largest open-air prison",

[2] Jonathan Cook, 'How Israel is turning Gaza into a super-max prison,' Arxiv surəti 20 dekabr 2014 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 20 dekabr 2014 at the Wayback Machine The National (Abu Dhabi) 27 October 2014: 'One Israeli analyst has compared the proposed solution to transforming a third-world prison into a modern US super-max incarceration facility.'

[3] Noam Chomsky: My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison Arxiv surəti 24 oktyabr 2015 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 24 oktyabr 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Truthout, 9 November 2012: 'And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison,'

[4] David Cameron, Havens Are Few, if Not Far, for Palestinians in Gaza Strip Arxiv surəti 8 iyul 2017 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 8 iyul 2017 at the Wayback Machine. NYT, 20 July 2014: "Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain in 2010 called Gaza "an open-air prison", drawing criticism from Israel."

[5] Alistair Dawber, 'Tales from Gaza: What is life really like in 'the world's largest outdoor prison'?' Arxiv surəti 13 avqust 2017 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 13 avqust 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Independent 13 April 2013.'Locals call it "the world's biggest prison", and it's not difficult to understand why…Mr Jnead's children, and their prospects in what is often referred to as the world's largest open prison, is top of his concerns.'

[6] Zaki Chehab, Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies, Arxiv surəti 28 fevral 2023 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 2 noyabr 2022 at the Wayback Machine I. B. Tauris, 2007 p.182:'The Rafiah crossing is the gateway to what Palestinians refer to as their open-air prison – the Gaza Strip.'

[7] Anna Ball, 'Impossible Intimacies,' in Anastasia Valassopoulos (ed.) Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular, Routledge 2013 pp71–91 p.73: "…Gaza Strip Barrier, a structure that has sealed Gaza's border with Israel and has led to Gaza's description as ″the world's largest open-air prison",

[britannica-2] "Blockade of Gaza Strip". Britannica. 14 November 2023 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 17 October 2023. In autumn 2007 Israel declared the Gaza Strip under Hamas a hostile entity and approved a series of sanctions that included power cuts, heavily restricted imports, and border closures. In January 2008, facing sustained rocket assaults into its southern settlements, Israel broadened its sanctions

[3] Data Team, The Hindu. "How Israel controls movement of men and material in and out of Gaza | Data Premium". The Hindu (ingilis). 2 November 2023. 2 November 2023 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 3 November 2023.

[4] Stephen Jones. "Gaza: The conflict between Israel and Hamas" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 22 January 2009.

[5] "Gaza: Israel Hamas ceasefire agreement in full". The Telegraph. 2012. 23 June 2018 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 22 June 2018.

[6] Rob Page. "Gaza ceasefire agreement" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 2014. 22 June 2018 tarixində arxivləşdirilib (PDF). İstifadə tarixi: 22 June 2018.

[7] "Conditions for a ceasefire: Why Hamas fires those rockets". The Economist. 19 July 2014. 22 July 2014 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 22 July 2014.: "After the last big Israeli effort to stop the rockets, in November 2012, it was agreed that, along with a ceasefire, the blockade of Gaza would gradually be lifted and the crossings into Egypt and Israel would be opened. The ceasefire generally held, but the siege continued."

[8] Harriet Sherwood, Israel accused over 'cruel' Gaza blockade,' Arxiv surəti 21 iyun 2018 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 21 iyun 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian 30 November 2010:'According to today's report, Dashed Hopes: Continuation of the Gaza Blockade, imports of construction materials are 11% of the 2007 pre-blockade levels. Despite having agreed to allow in materials for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency to rebuild its schools and clinics damaged or destroyed in the three-week war in 2008–09, Israel has permitted only 7% of the necessary amount.'

[9] Martin Hartberg, Beyond Ceasefire: Ending the blockade of Gaza. Arxivləşdirilib 2023-10-25 at the Wayback Machine Oxfam, 2012 p.2.

[10] Ian Bickerton, The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed, Arxivləşdirilib 2023-10-25 at the Wayback Machine A&C Black, 2012 p.238:'In June 2008 Israel increased the severity of the blockade after Egypt brokered a ceasefire . .'The exchange of rockets launched a retaliatory aerial assaults increased late in 2008 with Hamas and Israeli blaming each other for a breakdown in the ceasefire. The evidence suggests Israel broke the ceasefire with a raid into the Gaza Strip that killed six Hamas men on 4 Novembneer- the night of the presidential election in the USA.

[11] Noam Chomsky, in Elliot N. Dorff, Danya Ruttenberg, Louis E Newman (eds.), Jewish Choices, Jewish Voices: War and National Security , Arxiv surəti 20 mart 2024 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 18 oktyabr 2017 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Publication Society, 2010 p.26 :'There were some partial ceasefires. But Israel maintained the siege and then violated ceasefire agreements directly. The most important instance of this was in 2008. Right before the Israeli invasion, there was a ceasefire. It was observed completely by Hamas. The Israeli government concedes that there was not a single Hamas rocket fired during the ceasefire. Israel nevertheless maintained the siege, and in November 2008, Israeli just invaded Gaza outright and killed half a dozen Hamas activists. After that, rockets started.'

[nathanthrall2-12] Nathan Thrall. (21 August 2014). 'Hamas's Chances,' Arxiv surəti 19 iyun 2018 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 19 iyun 2018 at the Wayback Machine London Review of Books Vol. 36 No. 16, pp.10–12: 'with 21 November 2012 ceasefire agreement Israel undertook to 'end attacks against Gaza by land, sea and air – including the 'targeting of individuals' (assassinations, typically by drone-fired missile) – and that the closure of Gaza would essentially end as a result of Israel's 'opening the crossings and facilitating the movements of people and transfer of goods, and refraining from restricting residents' free movements and targeting residents in border areas' but Israel therefore saw little incentive in upholding its end of the deal. In the three months following the ceasefire, its forces made regular incursions into Gaza, strafed Palestinian farmers and those collecting scrap and rubble across the border, and fired at boats, preventing fishermen from accessing the majority of Gaza's waters. . . Israel had committed to holding indirect negotiations with Hamas over the implementation of the ceasefire but repeatedly delayed them . . The talks never took place. The lesson for Hamas was clear. Even if an agreement was brokered by the US and Egypt, Israel could still fail to honour it.'

[13] Adam Withnall, 'Israel-Gaza conflict: Israel 'breaks ceasefire in minutes' as eight-year-old girl killed in air strike,' Arxiv surəti 21 iyun 2018 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 21 iyun 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Independent I4 August 2014

[14] Yousef Munayyer, 'Israel/Gaza Cease-Fire Dynamics Breakdown,' Arxiv surəti 21 iyun 2018 tarixindən Wayback Machine saytında Arxivləşdirilib 21 iyun 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Fund 2014

[HRW111-15] "Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15". Human Rights Watch. 12 October 2023. 12 October 2023 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 12 October 2023.

[Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!-16] "Gaza closure: not another year!". ICRC. 14 June 2010. 15 June 2010 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 1 June 2010.

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