XVIII—XIX əsrlərdə siyasi fəlsəfədə konservatizmin və liberalizm ideyalarının sintezi nəticəsində formalaşıb. Əsas nümayəndələri: Edmund Börk, , Adam Smit, Aleksis de Tokvil, Con Stüart Mill.

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• 2015-08-15 at the Wayback Machine // — М: РОССПЭН, 2001 — 384 с. — ISBN 5-8243-0191-3
• 2009-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
• 2009-03-19 at the Wayback Machine

• Konservatizm
• Liberalizm