Yeni bəəsçilik

Yeni bəəsçilik — 1963-cü ilin sentyabr ayında Ərəb Sosialist Baas Partiyasının altıncı milli konqresindən sonra Suriyanın dövlət ideologiyasına çevrilmiş bəəsçiliyin ifrat sol variantı.^[1] Sələh Cədid və Hafiz Əsədin rəhbərlik etdiyi yeni bəəsçi hərbi komitə tərəfindən həyata keçirilən 1966-cı ildə Suriya dövlət çevrilişi nəticəsində Bəəs Partiyasının Suriya regional bölməsi orijinal Bəəs Partiyası Milli Komandanlığından tamamilə müstəqil olan militarist bir təşkilata çevrilmişdir.

Yeni bəəsçilik hərbiyyənin üstünlüyünü vurğulamaq və Mişel Əflaq ilə Səlahəddin Bitar da daxil olmaqla klassik baasçı rəhbərliyin "köhnə qvardiyasını" təmizləmək yolu ilə panərəbist ideoloji əsaslarından uzaqlaşan bir cərəyan kimi xarakterizə edilmişdir.^[2]^[3] Müxtəlif marksist ideoloji məktəblərin təsiri altında olan Suriyada ifrat solçu^[4] yeni bəəsçi rejim inqilabi sosializm kimi radikal sol doktrinaları mənimsəmiş,^[5] panərəbizmdən imtina etmiş və Sovet İttifaqı ilə əlaqələri gücləndirməyə çalışmışdır. Bu dövrdə rejim nasirçilər və aralarında kəskin rəqabət olan İraq bəəsçiləri, xüsusilə səddamçılar kimi ərəb milliyyətçiləri ilə münaqişəyə girmişdir.^[6] 1963-cü ildə Suriyada dövlət çevrilişi nəticəsində Suriya Ərəb Respublikasında hakimiyyəti ələ keçirdikdən sonra yeni bəəsçi zabitlər totalitar prinsiplərlə fəaliyyət göstərən hərbi diktatura qurmaq məqsədilə ənənəvi mülki elitaları kənarlaşdırmışdılar.^[7]

Yeni bəəsçilik ilk növbədə Hafiz Əsəd və onun oğlu Bəşər Əsədin bir-birini izləyən hökumətlərinin siyasətinə əsaslanan əsədçilik ilə əlaqələndirilir. Bu sistem əsasən nepotizm və məzhəbçiliklə xarakterizə olunmuşdur. Hafiz Əsədin 1970-ci ildə Suriyada dövlət çevrilişi ilə hakimiyyəti ələ keçirməsi ordu və təhlükəsizlik qüvvələrində nüseyri azlığının dominantlığının möhkəmlənməsinə səbəb olmuşdur.^[8] Dövlət təbliğatı əsədçiliyi bəəsçi ideologiyanı müasir dövrün ehtiyaclarına uyğun inkişaf etdirən yeni bəəsçi bir cərəyan kimi təqdim etmişdir.^[9] Bununla belə, yeni bəəsçi ideologiyanın qurucusu Mişel Əflaq tərəfindən orijinal bəəsçi prinsiplərdən uzaqlaşdığına görə tənqid edilmişdir.^[10]

2024-cü ilin sonlarında Hərbi Əməliyyatlar Komandanlığı və müttəfiq silahlı qruplaşmalar tərəfindən başladılan bir sıra inqilabi hücumlar 8 dekabr 2024-cü il tarixində Əsəd rejiminin süqutu ilə nəticələnmişdir. Həmin vaxtdan etibarən bəəsçi hərbi aparatın qalıqları və Əsəd ailəsinin tərəfdarları Laziqiyyə, Tartus və Qərbi Suriyanın bəzi hissələrində yerləşən nüseyri qalalarında şiddətli toqquşmalar həyata keçirmişdilər.^[11]^[12]

İstinadlar

↑
- Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022. səh. 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.
- I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting // Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980. səh. 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.
- The Israel Economist. 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. səh. 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.
- Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004. səh. 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.
↑ Ben-Tzur, Avraham. "The Neo-Ba'th Party of Syria". Journal of Contemporary History (ingilis). 3 (3). 1 iyul 1968: 161–181. doi:10.1177/002200946800300310. ISSN 0022-0094.
↑ Galvani, John. "Syria and the Baath Party". MERIP Reports (25). 1974: 3–16. doi:10.2307/3011567. ISSN 0047-7265. JSTOR 3011567. 4 noyabr 2022 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 6 dekabr 2024.
↑
- Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022. səh. 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.
- I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting // Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980. səh. 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.
- The Israel Economist. 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. səh. 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.
- Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004. səh. 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.
- S. Abu Jaber, Kamel. The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. 1966. xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.
- Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. 2013. 45–46, 73–75, 90. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. ISBN 9781317818427. The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis ... struggle between 'moderates' and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.
- Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020. səh. 11. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9. In 1963 ... the socialist Ba'ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform
- Mikhaĭlovich Vasil'ev, Alekseĭ. Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. 1993. 63, 76. ISBN 978-0863721687. Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy ... when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria's rapprochement with the Soviet Union ... for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a 'people's war') were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders.
- Climent, James. World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era (2nd). New York: Routledge. 2015. səh. 383. ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0. influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included ... Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963
↑ Walt, Stephen. 3:From the Baghdad Pact to the Six Day War // The Origins of Alliances. Cornell University Press. 1987. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-8014-9418-5. yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party ... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad..
↑ Mann, Joseph. "The Conflict with Israel According to Neo-Ba'ath Doctrine". Israel Affairs (ingilis). 13. 1 yanvar 2007: 116–130. doi:10.1080/13537120601063358. 7 dekabr 2024 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 6 dekabr 2024.
↑ Meininghaus, Esther. Introduction // Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. I. B. Tauris. 2016. 1–33. ISBN 978-1-78453-115-7.
↑ Korany, Bahgat; Dessouki, Ali, The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization, American University in Cairo Press, 15 iyul 2010, 423–424, ISBN 978-977-416-360-9
↑ van Dam, Nikolaos. 10: Conclusions: The struggle for power in Syria: politics and society under Asad and the Ba'th Party (4). London: I. B. Tauris. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84885-760-5.
↑ Sitat səhvi: Yanlış <ref> teqi; :0 adlı istinad üçün mətn göstərilməyib
↑ "Syria's new rulers launch crackdown in Assad stronghold after deadly clashes". 26 dekabr 2024.
↑ "All segments of Syrian society faced oppression under Baath regime: Alawite leader".

İstinadlar

[1] 
Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022. səh. 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.

I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting // Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980. səh. 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.

The Israel Economist. 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. səh. 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.

Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004. səh. 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.

[mwZw] Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022. səh. 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.

[mwcg] I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting // Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980. səh. 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.

[mwfQ] The Israel Economist. 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. səh. 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.

[mwgw] Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004. səh. 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.

[2] Ben-Tzur, Avraham. "The Neo-Ba'th Party of Syria". Journal of Contemporary History (ingilis). 3 (3). 1 iyul 1968: 161–181. doi:10.1177/002200946800300310. ISSN 0022-0094.

[3] Galvani, John. "Syria and the Baath Party". MERIP Reports (25). 1974: 3–16. doi:10.2307/3011567. ISSN 0047-7265. JSTOR 3011567. 4 noyabr 2022 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 6 dekabr 2024.

[4] 
Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022. səh. 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.

I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting // Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980. səh. 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.

The Israel Economist. 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. səh. 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.

Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004. səh. 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.

S. Abu Jaber, Kamel. The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. 1966. xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.

Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. 2013. 45–46, 73–75, 90. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. ISBN 9781317818427. The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis ... struggle between 'moderates' and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.

Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020. səh. 11. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9. In 1963 ... the socialist Ba'ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform

Mikhaĭlovich Vasil'ev, Alekseĭ. Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. 1993. 63, 76. ISBN 978-0863721687. Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy ... when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria's rapprochement with the Soviet Union ... for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a 'people's war') were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders.

Climent, James. World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era (2nd). New York: Routledge. 2015. səh. 383. ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0. influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included ... Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963

[mwtw] Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022. səh. 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.

[mwwg] I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting // Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980. səh. 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.

[mwzQ] The Israel Economist. 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. səh. 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.

[mw0w] Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004. səh. 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.

[mw3g] S. Abu Jaber, Kamel. The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. 1966. xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.

[mw5w] Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. 2013. 45–46, 73–75, 90. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. ISBN 9781317818427. The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis ... struggle between 'moderates' and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.

[mw9A] Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020. səh. 11. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9. In 1963 ... the socialist Ba'ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform

[mwAQE] Mikhaĭlovich Vasil'ev, Alekseĭ. Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. 1993. 63, 76. ISBN 978-0863721687. Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy ... when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria's rapprochement with the Soviet Union ... for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a 'people's war') were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders.

[mwAQ4] Climent, James. World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era (2nd). New York: Routledge. 2015. səh. 383. ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0. influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included ... Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963

[5] Walt, Stephen. 3:From the Baghdad Pact to the Six Day War // The Origins of Alliances. Cornell University Press. 1987. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-8014-9418-5. yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party ... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad..

[6] Mann, Joseph. "The Conflict with Israel According to Neo-Ba'ath Doctrine". Israel Affairs (ingilis). 13. 1 yanvar 2007: 116–130. doi:10.1080/13537120601063358. 7 dekabr 2024 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 6 dekabr 2024.

[7] Meininghaus, Esther. Introduction // Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. I. B. Tauris. 2016. 1–33. ISBN 978-1-78453-115-7.

[8] Korany, Bahgat; Dessouki, Ali, The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization, American University in Cairo Press, 15 iyul 2010, 423–424, ISBN 978-977-416-360-9

[9] van Dam, Nikolaos. 10: Conclusions: The struggle for power in Syria: politics and society under Asad and the Ba'th Party (4). London: I. B. Tauris. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84885-760-5.

[:0-10] Sitat səhvi: Yanlış <ref> teqi; :0 adlı istinad üçün mətn göstərilməyib

[11] "Syria's new rulers launch crackdown in Assad stronghold after deadly clashes". 26 dekabr 2024.

[12] "All segments of Syrian society faced oppression under Baath regime: Alawite leader".

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