Müstəmləkə Hindistanı

Müstəmləkə Hindistanı
	Tarixi dövlət
Müstəmləkə Hindistanı
Bayraq	Gerb[d]
	Böyük Britaniya və Şimali İrlandiya Birləşmiş Krallığı himni
1858 — 15 avqust 1947
Paytaxt	Kəlkətə, Yeni Dehli
Dil	ingilis dili
Din	hinduizm, İslam, Siqhizm, buddizm, xristianlıq
Pul vahidi	Hindistan rupisi
Ərazisi	4.917.273 km² (1918); 4.238.773 km² (1938);
Əhalisi	318.942.000 nəf. (1925);
İdarəetmə forması	konstitusiyalı monarxiya
	Vikianbarda əlaqəli mediafayllar

Müstəmləkə Hindistanı,^[1] Hindistan koloniyası, Britaniya Hindistanı, Britaniya Racı və ya Hindistan imperiyası (ing. British Raj - rac; hind dilindən hərfi tərcüməsi "səltənət/hakimiyyət" deməkdir.^[2]) — 1858-ci ildən 1947-ci ilə qədər Birləşmiş Krallığın Hindistan koloniyasının adıdır.^[3] Bu dövrə eyni zamanda müstəmləkə dövrü də deyilir.^[4] Britaniyanın nəzarəti altında olan və indiki adı ilə Hindistan (India) olan regiona müasir Hindistan, Pakistan, Banqladeş və Myanma ölkələri daxil idi. Onun hökmdarı Britaniya kral ailəsi idi. Paytaxtları Kəlküttə (1858-1912) və Yeni Dehli (1912-1947) idi. Hindistan kimi, 1945-ci ildə San Fransiskoda İkinci Dünya müharibəsindən sonra yaradılan Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatının qurucu üzvlərindən biri olmuşdur.

Rəsmi dili olan Hindistani dili ilə hind dilləri eyni dillər deyildirlər.^[5]^[6] Hindistani dili bir hindu-urdu dilidir. Pul vahidi kimi “British Indian Rupee” (Britaniya Hindistanı rupisi) istifadə edilmişdir. Əvvəlcə regionda Şərqi Hindistan Ticarət şirkəti fəaliyyət göstərirdi. İngilislər və hollandlar regionda dominant ticarət gücləri idilər. Böyük Moğol İmperiyasının dağılması ilə İngilislər Hindistanı tutdular və 1947-ci ilə qədər öz üstünlüklərini təsdiq etdirdilər.

Britaniya Racının hökumət sistemi 1858-ci ildə 1857-ci il Sipahi iğtişaşından sonra, Şərqi Hindistan şirkətinin idarəçiliyinin Kraliça Viktoriya adından Britaniya İmperiyasına təhvil verilməsindən sonra yaradılmışdır. (İngiltərə Kraliçası 1876-cı ildə özünü Hindistanın İmperatiriçası elan etmiş və bu vəziyyət “Hindistan İttifaqı” (sonralar Hindistan) və “Pakistan Dominionu” (sonradan şərq hissəsi müasir Banqladeşə çevriləcək Pakistan) olaraq iki ayrı dövlətin müstəqilliklərini elan etdikləri 1947-ci ilə qədər davam etmişdir.^[7] Rac administrasiyasının başlandığı 1858-ci ildə Aşağı Birma Britaniya Racının tabeliyində idi. Yuxarı Birma da 1886-cı ildə Rac administrasiyasına birləşdirilmişdir. Birma 1937-ci ilə qədər əyalət kimi idarə olunmuş və 1948-ci ildə özünün müstəqilliyini əldə etmişdir.

1917-ci ilə məxsus olan Britaniya Hindistanının rupisi

İstinadlar

↑ Salim Çevik. Pakistan Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu. SETA. 10 may 2013. 15-. ISBN 978-605-4023-24-0.
↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from Skr. rāj: to reign, rule; cognate with L. rēx, rēg-is, OIr. rī, rīg king (see RICH).
↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition (June 2008), on-line edition (September 2011): "spec. In full British Raj. Direct rule in India by the British (1858–1947); this period of dominion."
↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 Times 25 Aug 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR Kut xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj.
↑ Everaert, Christine (2010), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, ISBN 978-90-04-17731-4, It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.
↑ Vejdani, Farzin (2015), Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, ISBN 978-0-8047-9153-3, Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.
↑ "From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947". 1 noyabr 2015 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 3 mart 2011.

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Winks, Robin W. The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources (1966).
Young, Richard Fox, ed. (2009). Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg.

Müxtəlif mövzular

Steinberg, S. H. The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1947 (ingilis). Springer. 1947. ISSN 0081-4601.

Əlavə ədəbiyyat siyahısı

Judd, Denis. The lion and the tiger: the rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947 (Oxford University Press, 2005). online
Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) ch 4 and 5 on Raj
Simon Report (1930) vol 1, wide-ranging survey of conditions
Editors, Charles Rivers (2016). The British Raj: The History and Legacy of Great Britain's Imperialism in India and the Indian subcontinent.
Keith, Arthur Berriedale. Responsible government in the dominions. The Clarendon press. 1912., major primary source

İllik məcmuələr və statistik qeydlər

Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon (1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition 1861 edition
The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire (2nd). 1893. 375–462.
The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895 to 1896 to 1904–05 (London, 1906) full text online,
The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial (1908) business history, biographies, illustrations
The Indian Year Book: 1914 (1914)
The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947 online

Simon Report (1930) vol 1, wide-ranging survey of conditions
Keith, Arthur Berriedale. Responsible government in the dominions. The Clarendon press. 1912.
Британская Индия // Военная энциклопедия : [в 18 т.] / под ред. В. Ф. Новицкого … [и др.]. — СПб. ; [М.] : Тип. т-ва И. Д. Сытина, 1911—1915.
Воейков А. И., Булич С. К., Яновский А. Е. Индия // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.

[Çevik2013-1] Salim Çevik. Pakistan Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu. SETA. 10 may 2013. 15-. ISBN 978-605-4023-24-0.

[2] Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from Skr. rāj: to reign, rule; cognate with L. rēx, rēg-is, OIr. rī, rīg king (see RICH).

[oed2008-british-raj-3] Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition (June 2008), on-line edition (September 2011): "spec. In full British Raj. Direct rule in India by the British (1858–1947); this period of dominion."

[4] Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 Times 25 Aug 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR Kut xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj.

[5] Everaert, Christine (2010), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, ISBN 978-90-04-17731-4, It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.

[6] Vejdani, Farzin (2015), Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, ISBN 978-0-8047-9153-3, Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.

[7] "From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947". 1 noyabr 2015 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 3 mart 2011.

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